Which acid is diprotic? A. HCl B. H₂SO₄ C. HNO₃ D. HF Explanation: Sulfuric acid donates two protons.
Which bond has partial ionic character? A. Nonpolar covalent B. Polar covalent C. Metallic D. Hydrogen Explanation: Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally.
Which species has highest electronegativity? A. Oxygen B. Fluorine C. Chlorine D. Nitrogen Explanation: Fluorine is most electronegative.
Which process is isobaric? A. Constant temperature B. Constant pressure C. Constant volume D. Constant entropy Explanation: Isobaric means constant pressure.
Which constant defines thermal energy scale? A. Planck constant B. Boltzmann constant C. Avogadro number D. Gas constant Explanation: (k_B) relates temperature to energy.
Which interaction has shortest range? A. Gravitational B. Electromagnetic C. Weak D. Strong Explanation: Weak force acts over very short distances.
Which equation governs fluid motion? A. Schrödinger B. Navier–Stokes C. Maxwell D. Dirac Explanation: Navier–Stokes describes fluid dynamics.
Which phenomenon demonstrates quantization of angular momentum? A. Diffraction B. Zeeman effect C. Photoelectric effect D. Reflection Explanation: Zeeman splitting arises from quantized angular momentum states.
Which quantum number determines orbital shape? A. Principal B. Azimuthal C. Magnetic D. Spin Explanation: Azimuthal quantum number defines orbital geometry.
A system with negative heat capacity is characteristic of: A. Ideal gas B. Black holes and self-gravitating systems C. Solids D. Liquids Explanation: Adding energy can decrease temperature in gravitational systems.